Must know for any exam!!

Causes of glomerulonephritis with normal complement levels
1. Goodpasture
2. Wegener
3. Microscopic PAN
4. Renal limited GN
5. Ig A nephropathy
6. HSP
* all must know ......

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Bio markers for kidney injury* must know
1. KIM 1 - kidney injury molecule 1
Highly sensitive and specific for aki
Also elevated in rcc and polycystic disease
2.cystatin c - elevated levels suggest tubular dysfunction
Also indicative of poorer outcome
3. Neutrophil gelatinase ......

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aki= acute kidney injury

Others
1. Alanine aminopeptidase
2. Alkaline phosphatase
3. Gamma glutamyl transpeptidard
4. NAG - n acetyl glucosaminidase
5. Beta 2 microglobulin
6. Alpha 1 microglobulin
7. Retinol binding protein
8. Microalbumin
9. Clusterin
10 interleukin ......

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Candle bone disease - Melorheostosis
Marble bone disease- osteopetrosis
Striped bone disease- osteopathia striata
Spotted bone disease- osteopoikilosis
Corner sign
Pelcan spur
Weinberger zone : vitamin c deficiency
Trumfeld zone
Craniotabes
Rachitic rosary
Harrison sulcus
Green stick fracture ......

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FDA approves Sovaldi for chronic hepatitis C

Sovaldi is a nucleotide analog inhibitor that blocks a specific protein needed by the hepatitis C virus to replicate. Sovaldi is to be used as a component of a combination antiviral treatment regimen for chronic HCV infection. There are several different ......

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FDA approves first drug treatment for Peyronie’s disease

Xiaflex is the first FDA-approved non-surgical treatment option for men with this condition, who have a plaque (lump) in the penis that results in a curvature deformity of at least 30 degrees upon erection.

Xiaflex is a biologic ......

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Rockall risk scoring system

-Used for Acute Upper GI bleeding
-The scoring system uses clinical criteria (increasing age, co-morbidity, shock) as well as endoscopic finding (diagnosis, stigmata of acute bleeding)
Mnemonic
-ABCDE - i.e. Age,
Blood pressure fall (shock),
Co-morbidity,
Diagnosis and ......

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cyclosporin

-reduce IL-2 release
-acts on cd 4+ t cells
A/E
-Neprotoxicity
-fluid retention NOT dehydration
-hyperkalemia NOT hypokalemia
-hypertrichosis NOT alopecia
-gum hyperplasia,hypertension,tremor,hepatotoxic ......

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Tacrolimus

-FK 506
-macrolide
-inhibits IL-2

s/e- Glucose intolerance
-nephrotoxicity ......

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Meckel's band-the portion of the anterior ligament of the malleus that extends from the base of the anterior process through the petrotympanic fissure, to attach to the spine of the sphenoid

Meckel cartilage - a temporary supporting structure in the embryonic mandible.

Meckel space(cavity) - the ......

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