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Must know for any exam!!

Discussion in 'PostGraduation Abroad' started by chocolate, Dec 14, 2013.

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    Muscles..

    Quadrilateral - thyrohyoid.
    Straplike - sternohyoid & Sartorius.
    Straplike with tendinous intersections - rectus abdominis.
    Fusiform - biceps, digastrics etc.
    Oblique Fasciculi
    Triangular - adductor longus, temporalis.
    Shawl muscle - Trapezius.
    Guthrie’s muscle - Sphincter urethrae.
    Laughing/Smiling muscle - ......

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    Circumpennate - Tibialis anterior.
    Spiral or Twisted fasciculi - Trapezius, Pectoralis major, Latisimus dorsi, Supinator.
    Cruciate muscles - Sternocleidomastoid, Adductor magnus, Masseter.
    Subcutaneous muscles - Platysma, Palmaris brevis.
    Longest muscle - Sartorius (tailor muscle).
    Smallest muscle - Stapedius.
    Climbing muscle - Latissimus dorsi (broadest ......

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    Valsalva’s muscle - Muscle of Tragus.
    Sommering’s muscle - Levator glandulae thyroideae.
    Thelle’s muscle - Superficial transverse perinea muscle.
    Toynbee’s muscle - Tensor tympani.
    Wilson’s muscle -Sphincter urethrae.
    Wrinkler muscles of eyebrow - Corrugator supercilli (Coiter’s muscle).
    Sibson’s muscle - Scaleneus minimus.
    Gavard’s ......

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    Kidney physiology
    Aquaporin 1 - pct
    2- cd liminal side
    3- cd basolateral side
    4- brain
    5- salivary gland, respiratory system, lacrimal
    Limiting ph of urine - 4. 5 ( minimum ph that can be achieve)
    Anp - secreted by atrium
    Bnp ......

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    Congenital syphilis some more features :
    *Parrot nodes-mediastinal nodes
    *Cross bun appearance of skull
    *Snuffles-syphilitic rhinitis
    *Rhagades-linear scars at the angle of mouth d/t bacterial infections
    *Higoumenakis sign-enlarged sternal end of clavicle
    *pseudoparalysis
    *Kassowitz’s law - ......

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    Basement membrane diseases
    1. Alport syndrome
    2. Goodpasteur syndrome
    3. Nail - Patella syndrome
    4. Thin basement membrane disease ......

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    Urine assay for proteinuria
    24 hour albumin
    Normal - 8 to 10 mg
    Microalbuminuria - 30 to 300 mg
    Proteinuria- > 300 mg
    Nephrotic range- > 3.5 gm / day ......

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    Similarly an index by name albumin- creatinine ratio can be used, ( easy to remember almost like albumin levels only)
    Normal - < 30
    Microalbuminuria- 30 to 300
    Proteinuria- > 300 ......

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    Deposits in the kidney
    Sub epithelial - PSGN, membranous GN, heyman GN, RPGN
    sub endothelial - MPGN type 1, SLE
    basement membrane- MPGN type 2, good pasture syndrome
    Mesangium - Ig A nephropathy, HSP ......

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    Nephritic vs nephrotic

    * some common questions which arise when we see this two words
    1. What is the major difference between these two
    2. ( after reading) looks pretty much the same just Haematuria in the nephritic variety

    * Davidson page 500 21st ......

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