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Must know for any exam!!

Discussion in 'PostGraduation Abroad' started by chocolate, Dec 14, 2013.

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    Filtration barrier formed by
    Fenestrated endothelium
    Glomerular basement membrane ( made up of TYPE 4 COLLAGEN )
    PODOCYTES

    Freely filtered substances must be
    1. < 4 nm
    2. Neutral
    3. NOTE doesn't depend on lipid solubility

    Filterability of 1 - ......

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    , Nov 12, 2014
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    Next is the most intricate part of kidney... dealing with the functions of different part of the nephron in relation to different ions..

    Firstly important ions that are must know are
    Sodium, bicarbonate, potassium and .hydrogen and all the more important water which is the essence of ......

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    Different parts of the nephron and it's function.

    PCT
    Workhouse of the nephron,
    Reabsorbs almost everything that is filtered by glomerulus
    Sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids are exclusively reabsorbed

    Important substances that are secreted are
    Penicillin, hydrogen ion, organic acid and ......

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    DCT also 'reabsorbs sodium, potassium,

    Sodium absorption by different mechanisms at different levels
    Pct - na - h + exchanger
    Thick ascending loh - Na- 2cl - k cotransport ( site of action of loop diuretics)
    Dct - na - cl cotransport
    Collecting duct ......

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    Syphilis
    Hutchison triad : Hutchison teeth, interstitial keratitis, sensoryneural hearing loss
    Other features of congenital syphilis
    Mulberry molar
    Clutton joints
    Saber shin
    Saddle nose
    Bull dog jaw
    Dubois sign- short little finger
    Dubois abscess - thymus gland abscess
    Salt and ......

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    Streptococcal antigen similar with human tissue:


    capsular hyaluronic acid--synovial fluid

    cell wal protein--myocardium

    gr A carbohydrate--cardiac valve

    plasma membrane antigen--vascular intima

    peptidoglycan--skin ......

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    Aschoff Bodies - rheumatic fever
    Asteroid body - sporotrichosis
    BABES - ERNST Bodies - metachromatic granules
    BALBIANI'S Bodies – yolk nucleus
    Bamboo bodies - asbestosis
    Bodies OF ARANTIUS - aortic valve nodules
    BODY OF HIGHMORE - mediastinum testis
    Bollinger bodies - fowlpox ......

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    Honey coomb lung ~ bronchiectasis ,Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

    honey coomb liver- actinomycosis.

    Honey comb crest lesion -bullous impetigo

    Honey comb bone osteoclastoma

    Honey moon cystitis- s.saprophyticus

    Honey mooner's palsy--> Radial nerve palsy

    honeycoomb appearance in brain on CT- ......

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    Dutcher bodies - multiple myeloma
    Russell bodies - multiple myeloma
    Downey bodies - ebv
    Cowdry type a - yellow fever, herpes
    Cowdry type b - adeno virus, pollu virus
    Hp bodies - chlamydia trachomatis
    Elementary, reticular bodies- chlamydia
    Crookesbodies - pituitary in cushings ......

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    Some onions must know.. or else can bring tears in exam
    1. Onion skin in bone - ewing's sarcoma
    2. Onion skin in blood vessel - Lyme, Sle
    3. Onion skin in kidney- malignant hypertension
    4. Onion skin in liver - primary sclerosing cholangitis
    5. ......

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